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© 2021 American Chemical Society.Polychlorinated dibenzo–p–dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), emitted during biomass combustion, are carcinogenic chemicals. The association between indoor biomass burning and PCDD/Fs inhalation exposure levels is still poorly understood. This study first reports direct measurement of personal exposure to PCDD/Fs in real–world households with wood combustion. In homes where biomass burning is used for cooking, toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) PCDD/Fs concentrations were found to be 545 ± 251 fg I–TEQ/m3 in kitchens, with levels of 4.5–, 6.9–, and 13.3–fold higher than those in living rooms (122 ± 92 fg I–TEQ/m3), bedrooms (79 ± 27 fg I–TEQ/m3), and ambient air (41 ± 15 fg I–TEQ/m3), respectively. PCDD/Fs exposure levels in populations using biomass fuels for cooking (353 ± 110 fg I–TEQ/m3) were 4.3–fold higher than those in the control groups (82 ± 32 fg I–TEQ/m3). Additionally, the average cancer risks for biomass cooking person were approximately 3.1–fold higher than those in factory workers. Overall, residents of household that use biomass fuels for cooking have the highest known risk of PCDD/Fs exposure. These results highlight that aiming to mitigate the PCDD/Fs exposure risk in the general population, the focus of dioxin emission source control measures should shift from industrial sectors to residential biomass combustion.
